Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Manchus shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Manchus offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Manchus at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Manchus? Wrong! If the Manchus is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Manchus then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Manchus? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Manchus and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Manchus wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Manchus then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Manchus site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Manchus, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Manchus, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

{{Infobox Ethnic group|group = Manchu (Manju, Man) 满族|image = |population = approx. 10.68 million (2000) |regions = (Heilongjiang Jilin Liaoning)There may also be members in North Korea and Siberia (historical),
[Standard Mandarin|religions = Shamanism, other [Tungusic peoples-->The Manchu people (Manchu language: Manju; , Mongolian language: Манж) are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). During their rise in the 17th century, they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, and which established Republic of China in its place.

The Manchu ethnicity have largely been assimilated with the Han Chinese. The Manchu language is almost extinct, now spoken only among a small number of elderly in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Xibe (Xibo), a Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large, and the adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission and government employment opportunities) has encouraged some people with mixed-Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.

Much of the recent scholarship in ethnic identity emphasizes the degree to which ethnic categories are not static, objective ones, but rather fluid, subjective ones. This applies to the notion of a Manchu ethnicity which much of the recent scholarship suggests was strengthened in the early 19th century to distinguish members of the Qing military elites from the peoples they ruled. http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/xiaoweiqingessay.htm

Culture Aspects of Manchu customs and traditions can be seen in local cuisines, language and customs in today's Manchuria as well as cities in that region. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Manchus also adopted many Han Chinese customs and traditions.

Their traditional clothing (including qi pao and ma gua, Mandarin dress) is still popular all over China. The man's clothing once consisted of a short and adjusted jacket over a long gown with a belt at the waist to facilitate horse-riding and hunting.

The women once coiled their hair in high tufts on top of their heads and wore earrings, long gowns and embroidered shoes. The women with higher social standing wore silk and satin clothing while cotton clothing was worn by women of lower social standing. Unlike the Han, the Manchu did not practice foot binding.

's Manchu First Grade Bodyguards, Baturu Zhanyinbao (1760).

The traditional Manchu dwellings were made up of three quarters. In the center of the house was the kitchen while the wings contained the dormitory and the living room. The unique Manchu tradition did not allow people to die on nahan to the west or north. Believing that doors were made for living souls, the Manchus allowed dead bodies to be taken out only through windows. Ground burial was the general practice.

Origins Ancestors of the Manchu were the peoples of the Mongolian steppes. The first ancestors of the Manchu were the Sushen, a people who lived during the second and first millennia BC. They were followed by the Yilou people, who were active during 202 to 220 AD. The Wuji (people) followed in the fifth century and the tribes of the Mohe in the sixth century. One of the tribes of the Mohe, the Heishui (Amur) tribe, eventually became the ancestors of the Jurchens.Huang, P: "New Light on the origins of the Manchu.", page 239-282. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,vol 50, no.1 1990 Retrieved from JSTOR database July 18, 2006The Manchus were related to the Jurchens, who had conquered a vast area in northeastern Asia in the twelfth century and established the Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234 (literally Golden Dynasty) under the Wanyan clan that ruled over northern half of China and rivaled the Song Dynasty in southern part of China until being conquered and destroyed by the Mongols under Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan’s descendants eventually established the Yuan Dynasty, ruling all of China and was followed by the Ming Dynasty in the historiography of Chinese history. Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji decided the Jurchens would call themselves Manju (Manchus) and prohibited the use of the name Jurchen.

The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages language group, itself a member of the proposed Altaic languages.

The early significance of Manchu has not been established satisfactorily, although it seems that it may have been an old term for the Jianzhou Jurchens. One theory claims that the name came from the Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī (the Bodhisattva of Wisdom), of which Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation. Another theory is that the Manchus, like a number of other Tungusic peoples, take their name from the common Tungusic word *mangu(n), 'a great river'. Before the seventeenth century, the ancestors of the Manchus were generally a pastoral people, hunting, fishing and engaging in limited agriculture and pig-farming.

Politically, Prime Yellow Banner was of great importance as the ruling Aisin Gioro (Chinese Aixin Jueluo) were Prime Yellow Banners. Because of the exalted place in Manchu spirituality held by the Moon Goddess, the White Banner held a very special significance and membership to it was often related to matters of religion. A woman born to the White Banner was presumed to be spiritually gifted. Shamans or those of shamanic potential were required to be white banner--either by birth or by adoption to white banner earned through rigorous tests for spiritual ability. Once ordained, the Manchu shaman was considered a holy vessel of great wisdom with the female shamans considered of greater spiritual power compared to their male counterparts.

{| align="right"| |}

Founding of the Qing Dynasty In 1616 a Manchu leader, Nurhaci (1559-1626) broke away from the power of the decaying Ming Dynasty and established the Later Jin Dynasty (後金 Hòu Jīn) / Amaga Aisin Gurun (), domestically called the State of Manchu (manju gurun) (), and unified Manchu tribes, establishing (or at least expanding) the Manchu Banner system, a military structure which made their forces quite resilient in the face of superior Ming Dynasty numbers in the field. In 1636 Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, reorganized the Manchus including Mongolians, Koreans and Hans who joined them, changed the nation's name to Qing Dynasty, and formally changed the name of the nationality to Manchu.

Nurhaci later conquered the Mukden (modern-day Shenyang) area and built it into a new capital of Qing Empire in 1621. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Qing Dynasty collaborated with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and invaded Li Zicheng's Shun Dynasty and moved the capital from Mukden (Walled city since the Warring States Period) to Beijing.

For political purposes, the early Manchurian emperors took wives descended from the Mongol Great Khans, so that their descendants (such as the Kangxi Emperor) would also be seen as legitimate heirs of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu government made efforts to preserve Manchu culture and the Manchu language. These efforts were largely unsuccessful in that Manchus gradually adopted the customs and language of the surrounding Han Chinese and, by the 19th century, spoken Manchu was rarely used even in the Imperial court. Written Manchu, however, was still used for the keeping of records and communication between the emperor and the Banner officials until the collapse of the dynasty. The Qing dynasty also maintained a system of dual appointments in which all major imperial offices would have a Manchu and a Han Chinese member. Because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials.

Near the end of the Qing Dynasty, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by Chinese nationalism such as Sun Yat-Sen, even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. This portrayal quickly dissipated after the 1911 revolution as the new Republic of China now sought to include Manchus within its national identity.

Manchukuo In 1931, the Empire of Japan created a puppet state in Manchuria called Manchukuo. The new state was nominally ruled by Emperor Puyi. By this time the population of Manchuria was overwhelmingly Han Chinese, and though Manchukuo was intended to be a state for Manchus, the way its borders were drawn produced a state that had a majority Han Chinese population. Manchukuo was abolished at the end of World War II, with its territory incorporated back into China.

Autonomous areas of China designated for Manchus {|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"|-! Province (China)
(or equivalent)! prefecture-level city! Name! Chinese! pinyin! Designated List of Chinese nationalities! Local name! Capital|-| rowspan="4"|Hebei| [Fengning Manchu Autonomous County)
丰宁满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Fēngníng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| rowspan="3"|Manchu| Fengning Manju Zijysiyan| Daming| 寛城滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
宽城满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Kuānchéng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Kuwanceng Manju Zijysiyan| Kuancheng| 青龍滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
青龙满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Qīnglóng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Cinglung Manju Zijysiyan| Qinglong| [Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County)
围场满族蒙古族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Wéichǎng Mǎnzú Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn| Manchu and Ethnic Mongols in China| ?| Waichang Town]| Siping (city)| Yitong Manchu Autonomous County)
伊通满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Yītōng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| rowspan="7"|Manchu| ?| Yitong Town]| rowspan="2"|Fushun| 新賓滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
新宾满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Xīnbīn Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| ?| Xinbin Town]| 清原滿族自治縣 (Traditional Chinese)
清原满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Qīngyuán Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| ?| Qingyuan, Liaoning Town|-| rowspan="2"|Benxi| 本溪滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
本溪满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Běnxī Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| ?| Xiaoshi Town]| 桓仁滿族自治縣 (Traditional Chinese)
桓仁满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Huánrén Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Huwanren Manju Zijysiyan| Huanren Town]| Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County)
岫岩满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Xiùyán Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn|| Xiuyan Town]| Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County)
宽甸满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Kuāndiàn Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Kuwandiyan Manju Zijysiyan| Kuandian Town|}

See also

Famous Manchu

External links

Notes



{{Infobox Ethnic group|group = Manchu (Manju, Man) 满族|image = |population = approx. 10.68 million (2000) |regions = (Heilongjiang Jilin Liaoning)There may also be members in North Korea and Siberia (historical),
[Standard Mandarin|religions = Shamanism, other [Tungusic peoples-->The Manchu people (Manchu language: Manju; , Mongolian language: Манж) are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria (today's Northeastern China). During their rise in the 17th century, they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1912 after the Xinhai Revolution, and which established Republic of China in its place.

The Manchu ethnicity have largely been assimilated with the Han Chinese. The Manchu language is almost extinct, now spoken only among a small number of elderly in remote rural areas of northeastern China and a few scholars; there are around ten thousand speakers of Xibe (Xibo), a Manchu dialect spoken in the Ili region of Xinjiang. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is quite large, and the adoption of favorable policies towards ethnic minorities (such as preferential university admission and government employment opportunities) has encouraged some people with mixed-Han and Manchu ancestry to re-identify themselves as Manchu.

Much of the recent scholarship in ethnic identity emphasizes the degree to which ethnic categories are not static, objective ones, but rather fluid, subjective ones. This applies to the notion of a Manchu ethnicity which much of the recent scholarship suggests was strengthened in the early 19th century to distinguish members of the Qing military elites from the peoples they ruled. http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/xiaoweiqingessay.htm

Culture Aspects of Manchu customs and traditions can be seen in local cuisines, language and customs in today's Manchuria as well as cities in that region. After the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Manchus also adopted many Han Chinese customs and traditions.

Their traditional clothing (including qi pao and ma gua, Mandarin dress) is still popular all over China. The man's clothing once consisted of a short and adjusted jacket over a long gown with a belt at the waist to facilitate horse-riding and hunting.

The women once coiled their hair in high tufts on top of their heads and wore earrings, long gowns and embroidered shoes. The women with higher social standing wore silk and satin clothing while cotton clothing was worn by women of lower social standing. Unlike the Han, the Manchu did not practice foot binding.

's Manchu First Grade Bodyguards, Baturu Zhanyinbao (1760).

The traditional Manchu dwellings were made up of three quarters. In the center of the house was the kitchen while the wings contained the dormitory and the living room. The unique Manchu tradition did not allow people to die on nahan to the west or north. Believing that doors were made for living souls, the Manchus allowed dead bodies to be taken out only through windows. Ground burial was the general practice.

Origins Ancestors of the Manchu were the peoples of the Mongolian steppes. The first ancestors of the Manchu were the Sushen, a people who lived during the second and first millennia BC. They were followed by the Yilou people, who were active during 202 to 220 AD. The Wuji (people) followed in the fifth century and the tribes of the Mohe in the sixth century. One of the tribes of the Mohe, the Heishui (Amur) tribe, eventually became the ancestors of the Jurchens.Huang, P: "New Light on the origins of the Manchu.", page 239-282. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies,vol 50, no.1 1990 Retrieved from JSTOR database July 18, 2006The Manchus were related to the Jurchens, who had conquered a vast area in northeastern Asia in the twelfth century and established the Jin Dynasty, 1115–1234 (literally Golden Dynasty) under the Wanyan clan that ruled over northern half of China and rivaled the Song Dynasty in southern part of China until being conquered and destroyed by the Mongols under Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan’s descendants eventually established the Yuan Dynasty, ruling all of China and was followed by the Ming Dynasty in the historiography of Chinese history. Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji decided the Jurchens would call themselves Manju (Manchus) and prohibited the use of the name Jurchen.

The Manchu language is a member of the Tungusic languages language group, itself a member of the proposed Altaic languages.

The early significance of Manchu has not been established satisfactorily, although it seems that it may have been an old term for the Jianzhou Jurchens. One theory claims that the name came from the Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī (the Bodhisattva of Wisdom), of which Nurhaci claimed to be an incarnation. Another theory is that the Manchus, like a number of other Tungusic peoples, take their name from the common Tungusic word *mangu(n), 'a great river'. Before the seventeenth century, the ancestors of the Manchus were generally a pastoral people, hunting, fishing and engaging in limited agriculture and pig-farming.

Politically, Prime Yellow Banner was of great importance as the ruling Aisin Gioro (Chinese Aixin Jueluo) were Prime Yellow Banners. Because of the exalted place in Manchu spirituality held by the Moon Goddess, the White Banner held a very special significance and membership to it was often related to matters of religion. A woman born to the White Banner was presumed to be spiritually gifted. Shamans or those of shamanic potential were required to be white banner--either by birth or by adoption to white banner earned through rigorous tests for spiritual ability. Once ordained, the Manchu shaman was considered a holy vessel of great wisdom with the female shamans considered of greater spiritual power compared to their male counterparts.

{| align="right"| |}

Founding of the Qing Dynasty In 1616 a Manchu leader, Nurhaci (1559-1626) broke away from the power of the decaying Ming Dynasty and established the Later Jin Dynasty (後金 Hòu Jīn) / Amaga Aisin Gurun (), domestically called the State of Manchu (manju gurun) (), and unified Manchu tribes, establishing (or at least expanding) the Manchu Banner system, a military structure which made their forces quite resilient in the face of superior Ming Dynasty numbers in the field. In 1636 Nurhaci's son Hong Taiji, reorganized the Manchus including Mongolians, Koreans and Hans who joined them, changed the nation's name to Qing Dynasty, and formally changed the name of the nationality to Manchu.

Nurhaci later conquered the Mukden (modern-day Shenyang) area and built it into a new capital of Qing Empire in 1621. When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng's peasant rebels in 1644, the Qing Dynasty collaborated with Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui and invaded Li Zicheng's Shun Dynasty and moved the capital from Mukden (Walled city since the Warring States Period) to Beijing.

For political purposes, the early Manchurian emperors took wives descended from the Mongol Great Khans, so that their descendants (such as the Kangxi Emperor) would also be seen as legitimate heirs of the Mongolian Yuan dynasty. During the Qing Dynasty, the Manchu government made efforts to preserve Manchu culture and the Manchu language. These efforts were largely unsuccessful in that Manchus gradually adopted the customs and language of the surrounding Han Chinese and, by the 19th century, spoken Manchu was rarely used even in the Imperial court. Written Manchu, however, was still used for the keeping of records and communication between the emperor and the Banner officials until the collapse of the dynasty. The Qing dynasty also maintained a system of dual appointments in which all major imperial offices would have a Manchu and a Han Chinese member. Because of the small number of Manchus, this insured that a large fraction of them would be government officials.

Near the end of the Qing Dynasty, Manchus were portrayed as outside colonizers by Chinese nationalism such as Sun Yat-Sen, even though the Republican revolution he brought about was supported by many reform-minded Manchu officials and military officers. This portrayal quickly dissipated after the 1911 revolution as the new Republic of China now sought to include Manchus within its national identity.

Manchukuo In 1931, the Empire of Japan created a puppet state in Manchuria called Manchukuo. The new state was nominally ruled by Emperor Puyi. By this time the population of Manchuria was overwhelmingly Han Chinese, and though Manchukuo was intended to be a state for Manchus, the way its borders were drawn produced a state that had a majority Han Chinese population. Manchukuo was abolished at the end of World War II, with its territory incorporated back into China.

Autonomous areas of China designated for Manchus {|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;width:90%;"|-! Province (China)
(or equivalent)! prefecture-level city! Name! Chinese! pinyin! Designated List of Chinese nationalities! Local name! Capital|-| rowspan="4"|Hebei| [Fengning Manchu Autonomous County)
丰宁满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Fēngníng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| rowspan="3"|Manchu| Fengning Manju Zijysiyan| Daming| 寛城滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
宽城满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Kuānchéng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Kuwanceng Manju Zijysiyan| Kuancheng| 青龍滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
青龙满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Qīnglóng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Cinglung Manju Zijysiyan| Qinglong| [Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County)
围场满族蒙古族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Wéichǎng Mǎnzú Měnggǔzú Zìzhìxiàn| Manchu and Ethnic Mongols in China| ?| Waichang Town]| Siping (city)| Yitong Manchu Autonomous County)
伊通满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Yītōng Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| rowspan="7"|Manchu| ?| Yitong Town]| rowspan="2"|Fushun| 新賓滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
新宾满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Xīnbīn Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| ?| Xinbin Town]| 清原滿族自治縣 (Traditional Chinese)
清原满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Qīngyuán Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| ?| Qingyuan, Liaoning Town|-| rowspan="2"|Benxi| 本溪滿族自治縣 ([Traditional Chinese)
本溪满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Běnxī Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| ?| Xiaoshi Town]| 桓仁滿族自治縣 (Traditional Chinese)
桓仁满族自治县 (Simplified Chinese)| Huánrén Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Huwanren Manju Zijysiyan| Huanren Town]| Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County)
岫岩满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Xiùyán Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn|| Xiuyan Town]| Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County)
宽甸满族自治县 ([Simplified Chinese)| Kuāndiàn Mǎnzú Zìzhìxiàn| Kuwandiyan Manju Zijysiyan| Kuandian Town|}

See also

Famous Manchu

External links

Notes





Manchu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence of interest in Manchu culture among both ethnic Manchus and Han. The number of Chinese today with some Manchu ancestry is ...

Category:Manchus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Subcategories. This category has the following 4 subcategories, out of 4 total. M [+]

Manchus - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Manchus
Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Manchus. Manchus. Information about Manchus in the Hutchinson encyclopedia.

Manchus - definition of Manchus by the Free Online Dictionary ...
Definition of Manchus in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of Manchus. Pronunciation of Manchus. Translations of Manchus. Manchus synonyms, Manchus antonyms. Information about ...

Manchus definition of Manchus in the Free Online Encyclopedia.
Encyclopedia article about Manchus. Information about Manchus in the Columbia Encyclopedia, Computer Desktop Encyclopedia, computing dictionary.

The Manchus - Book Information
Blackwell book sales ... Pamela Crossley's The Manchus is the book that those interested in China's last dynasty have always needed.

1911 Revolution
Manchus appealed to Yuan Shikai, who; Appeared to reorganise and defend government; Actually plotted overthrow; Had a vendetta against Manchus; Disliked Republicanism; Aimed to replace ...

Ch'ing China: The Manchus
The Manchus were a stock of the Jurched tribe who lived in Manchuria. In the twelfth century, they founded a dynasty in Manchuria called the Chin ("Gold") dynasty; this dynasty was ...

Chinese History - Qing Dynasty (www.chinaknowledge.de)
Hier beschreiben Sie mit ein, zwei Sätzen den Inhalt dieser Datei. ... The age of Qing Dynasty is - not only in the eyes of Westerners, but also in the mind of Chinese - a period ...

The Boxer Rebellion::
They fought off the Boxers with great bravery who were joined in the attack by troops who guarded the Manchus. The Siege of the Legation lasted for 55 days until an international ...

 

Manchus



 
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